Magazine industry
To what extent are Woman and Adbusters examples of specialised and institutionalised media productions? Make reference to their distribution and circulation.
- Initially woman was launched in 1937 and it's initial competition with Woman's Own (Newness) and Woman's weekly (Amalgamated)
- IPC bought the other companies who owned the other magazines to get rid of the competition - this is an example of a monopoly with the working class woman magazines. This is an example of conglomeration.
- IPC own Woman
- The sales peaked in about 1959 at about 3 million.
- Sold 500,000 copies in 1938
- After WW2 woman had more freedom and time to put on makeup and do things.
IPC is now a subsidiary and changed their name to Time INC UK (rebranded themselves)
https://www.ti-media.com/history/1920s-to-1940s/ - IPC website is advertised at advertisers. It is full of information that normal people would not read or be interested in.
They help with Hello Magazine
IPC seem to predominantly going towards middle aged target audience
https://www.ti-media.com/brands/woman/ - The target audience for woman has got older as younger people go online
"Woman knows what its mass-market, 40 plus readers want"
- We have seen mass markets in woman magazine time and time again. for example housewives, that all the woman are straight and have a husband - HEGEMONIC VIEWS
- the audience are 40+ and they are mass market = target audience
- IPC publish woman magazine in order to get money.
- Woman magazine is explicitly telling its audience to follow the rules of society.
- IPC make very similar magazines to woman to make more money.
- the audience are 40+ and they are mass market = target audience
- IPC publish woman magazine in order to get money.
- Woman magazine is explicitly telling its audience to follow the rules of society.
- IPC make very similar magazines to woman to make more money.
Curran and Seaton - Power and media industries
- they believe media is controlled by small number of companies primarily driven by profit and power.
- media concentration limits variety creativity and quality - if something sells the company will do it again.
- more socially diverse patterns of ownership can create more varied and adventurous media productions.
MAGAZINE COMPANIES DON'T JUST SELL MAGAZINES THEY ALSO SELL AN AUDIENCE
(NEWS INC own and publish The Times)
With power, media industries can cultivate ideologies of their audience.
1980S WOMAN ADVERT
- aiming at a younger audience - shifted to a younger audience demographic because the groups of people who were their audience were getting older as it first came out in 1930s
- One of the prizes is a car - within 20 years views have changed and woman were allowed to do a lot more things so a car was being given away for a prize.
- It's a lot more lively which captures the time of the 80s - lots of colour.
Similar to 1964 magazine = still had section about the woman in the magazine
"fashion revolution in your high street" - demographic has remained identical - working class.
"Explore how ownership has shaped woman magazine"
Shaped = made
Owners of woman = IPC
IPC are a broad and major company
IPC are also a conglomerate (bought other competition) monopolisation and horizontal integration (a company that owns many other companies = little competition and have got rid of it) = We are left with a product which is bland and boring and unchallenging.
- "A-level girls....." - repetition of this makes it aspirational to the target audience BUT they aren't A-level beauty - aspirational for them to become A-level. However they can't go any higher than a-level - you can get further etc university.
- "In beauty it means the sheer cosmetic wizardry that clever girls like models use to look - well frankly far far prettier than they really are" = saying that woman are ugly but are clever by putting on makeup in an a-level standard to make them look much better.
- Mise-en-scene of the faces is simple and generic which is anchoring everyone to be able to use it.
- Even though there is a genetic face there is lots of variations of makeup
- Big assumption = every face we see is white so assuming that the audience is white.
- Huge assumption that the target audience will even like makeup.
- term 'tactics" is symbolic of a war situation. this battle is for looking good for attractive men which reinforces hegemonic norms that you have to look good for men.
- "Have you worn...." suggests that they probably haven't
- Referring to older woman (30-50) as being "A-level" girls - article is forcing them question themselves in someway - if their ultimate aspiration was a-level that they have a sort of limitation - heavily implies that the woman reading it have limited aspirations.
- "are you alevel? sit our exam!" intertextuality as they have put an 'exam' into the article that is incredibly easy - sitting the exam in this artic;e is intertextuality to sitting an actual a-level exam however a level exams are much harder therefore mocking woman
Opinion (MUST INCLUDE OPINION IN EXAM): Agree that concentrated media is limiting variety because if just one company is creating media then we see that one company is creating ideology.
EASIEST ARGUMENT TO MAKE IS TO CRITICISE WOMAN MAGAZINE FOR BEING SEXIST (FOR THE PURPOSE TO MAKE MONEY).
"To what extent is the regulatory framework of magazines in the UK effective?"
Regulatory framework = the framework of rules/ how rules are laid out/ collection of rules.
IPSO - independent press standards organisation
Ways in which magazines are regulated in the UK;
- The Editors' Code of Practice sets out rules that newspapers and magazines regulated by IPSO have agreed to follow
- The code is written and administered by the Editor's Code Committee and enforced by IPSO
- IPSO replaced the PCC because the PCC didn't work on privacy enough AND CAN'T INTRUDE ON FAMILY GRIEF - News Of The World hacked into a girls (Millie Dowler) phone (to find out info and listen to their voicemails for their paper) who was murdered and the parents believed the girl was alive because her phone had been accessed = they did it so they could get a better article so they could get MORE MONEY - they got a lead above any other papers.
IPSO is EXTREMELY similar to PCC -
- Rules are very vague - not allowed to say how someone committed suicide incase depressed people see it and have hints on ways to kill themselves.
-Form of self regulation.
WOMAN MAGAZINE
- If it had a different image on the front cover of the magazine it is likely that many people would disagree with it and they wouldn't make money
- IPC bought the same types of companies to conglomerate and make sure there was no competition so it was definite they would make money.
- IT HAS SINGULAR AND STRAIGHT FOWARD REPRESENTATIONS/ IDEOLOGY
George Gerbner - Cultivation Theory
Argued that if we see the same images over and over again, it will cultivate an ideology.
MAGAZINE COMPANIES DON'T JUST SELL MAGAZINES THEY ALSO SELL AN AUDIENCE
(NEWS INC own and publish The Times)
With power, media industries can cultivate ideologies of their audience.
1980S WOMAN ADVERT
- aiming at a younger audience - shifted to a younger audience demographic because the groups of people who were their audience were getting older as it first came out in 1930s
- One of the prizes is a car - within 20 years views have changed and woman were allowed to do a lot more things so a car was being given away for a prize.
- It's a lot more lively which captures the time of the 80s - lots of colour.
Similar to 1964 magazine = still had section about the woman in the magazine
"fashion revolution in your high street" - demographic has remained identical - working class.
"Explore how ownership has shaped woman magazine"
Shaped = made
Owners of woman = IPC
IPC are a broad and major company
IPC are also a conglomerate (bought other competition) monopolisation and horizontal integration (a company that owns many other companies = little competition and have got rid of it) = We are left with a product which is bland and boring and unchallenging.
- "A-level girls....." - repetition of this makes it aspirational to the target audience BUT they aren't A-level beauty - aspirational for them to become A-level. However they can't go any higher than a-level - you can get further etc university.
- "In beauty it means the sheer cosmetic wizardry that clever girls like models use to look - well frankly far far prettier than they really are" = saying that woman are ugly but are clever by putting on makeup in an a-level standard to make them look much better.
- Mise-en-scene of the faces is simple and generic which is anchoring everyone to be able to use it.
- Even though there is a genetic face there is lots of variations of makeup
- Big assumption = every face we see is white so assuming that the audience is white.
- Huge assumption that the target audience will even like makeup.
- term 'tactics" is symbolic of a war situation. this battle is for looking good for attractive men which reinforces hegemonic norms that you have to look good for men.
- "Have you worn...." suggests that they probably haven't
- Referring to older woman (30-50) as being "A-level" girls - article is forcing them question themselves in someway - if their ultimate aspiration was a-level that they have a sort of limitation - heavily implies that the woman reading it have limited aspirations.
- "are you alevel? sit our exam!" intertextuality as they have put an 'exam' into the article that is incredibly easy - sitting the exam in this artic;e is intertextuality to sitting an actual a-level exam however a level exams are much harder therefore mocking woman
Opinion (MUST INCLUDE OPINION IN EXAM): Agree that concentrated media is limiting variety because if just one company is creating media then we see that one company is creating ideology.
EASIEST ARGUMENT TO MAKE IS TO CRITICISE WOMAN MAGAZINE FOR BEING SEXIST (FOR THE PURPOSE TO MAKE MONEY).
"To what extent is the regulatory framework of magazines in the UK effective?"
Regulatory framework = the framework of rules/ how rules are laid out/ collection of rules.
IPSO - independent press standards organisation
Ways in which magazines are regulated in the UK;
- The Editors' Code of Practice sets out rules that newspapers and magazines regulated by IPSO have agreed to follow
- The code is written and administered by the Editor's Code Committee and enforced by IPSO
- IPSO replaced the PCC because the PCC didn't work on privacy enough AND CAN'T INTRUDE ON FAMILY GRIEF - News Of The World hacked into a girls (Millie Dowler) phone (to find out info and listen to their voicemails for their paper) who was murdered and the parents believed the girl was alive because her phone had been accessed = they did it so they could get a better article so they could get MORE MONEY - they got a lead above any other papers.
IPSO is EXTREMELY similar to PCC -
- Rules are very vague - not allowed to say how someone committed suicide incase depressed people see it and have hints on ways to kill themselves.
-Form of self regulation.
WOMAN MAGAZINE
- If it had a different image on the front cover of the magazine it is likely that many people would disagree with it and they wouldn't make money
- IPC bought the same types of companies to conglomerate and make sure there was no competition so it was definite they would make money.
- IT HAS SINGULAR AND STRAIGHT FOWARD REPRESENTATIONS/ IDEOLOGY
George Gerbner - Cultivation Theory
Argued that if we see the same images over and over again, it will cultivate an ideology.
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